1. Ash contains
- Inorganic elements : Ca, Mg, Na, K
- Inorganic compounds : SO4 2-, PO4 3-, NaCl, CaCO3
2. Amino Acids
- Glycine, Alanine, Serine
- Acidic amino acids : Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid
- Basic amino acids : Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
- Neutral amino acids : Valine
- Aromatic amino acids : Tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan
- Essential amino acid : V, L, I, F, M, W, T, H, R, K
- Non-essential amino acids : G, A, P, C, S, Y, N, Q, D, E
3. Lipids
- Simple lipids : Palmitic acid, Arachidonic acid.
- Saturated fatty acids : Palmitic acid (16C), Stearic acid.
- Unsaturated fatty acids : Oleic acid, Arachidonic acid
- Compound lipids : Phospholipids (fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate), Lecithin, sphingolipid
- Derived lipids : Cholesterol
4. Sugars (Carbohydrates)
- Glucose (C6 H12 O6), Ribose (C5 H10 O5)
> Biomacromolecules
- Collagen : Most abundant protein in animal world
- Ribulose - Bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) : Most abundant protein in the biosphere
- Secondary Structure of protein : Keratin, Fibroin (silk fibre)
- Tertiary structure of protein : Myoglobin, enzymes
- Quaternary structure of protein : Haemoglobin & Insulin
> Polysaccharides (Complex carbohydrates)
- Amino sugars : Glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine
- Homopolymer of N-acetyl glucosamine : Chitin
> Primary metabolites
- Amino acids, sugars, nucleic acids, lipids & vitamins
- Anabolic pathway : Acetic acid becomes cholesterol, assembly of amino acids to protein & photosynthesis
- Catabolic pathway : Glucose becomes lactic acid (glycolysis) & respiration
> Living state
- Blood concentration of glucose in a normal person is 4.2-6.1 mM. Concentration of hormones is nanograms/mL.
> Enzymes
- In glycolysis [Glucose (C6 H12 O6) --> 2 Pyruvic acid (C3 H4 O3) ten different enzymes take part.
> Factors affecting enzyme activity
- Malonate closely resembles the substrate succinate in structure (Concentration of substrate) Competitive inhibitor
> Classification & Nomenclature of Enzyme
- Oxido-reductases / Dehydrogenases
- Transferases
- Hydrolases
- Lyases
- Isomerases
- Ligases
> Co-factors
- Prosthetic group : Haem in peroxidase and catalase
- Co-enzymes : NAD and NADP contain niacin
- Metal ions : Zn is a cofactor for Carboxypeptidase
> Secondary metabolites
|
Pigments |
Carotenoids, Anthocyanins etc. |
|
Alkaloids |
Morphine, Codeine etc. |
|
Terpenoids |
Monoterpenes, Diterpenes etc. |
|
Essential oils |
Lemon grass oil etc. |
|
Toxins |
Abrin, Ricin |
|
Lectins |
Concanavalin A. |
|
Drugs |
Vinblastine, curcumin, etc. |
|
Polymeric substances |
Rubber, gums, cellulose etc. |
> Comparison of Elements Present in Non-living and Living Matter
|
Elements |
% Weight of Earth's crust |
Human body |
|
Hydrogen (H) |
0.14 |
0.5 |
|
Carbon (C) |
0.03 |
18.5 |
|
Oxygen (O) |
46.6 |
65.0 |
|
Nitrogen (N) |
Very little |
3.3 |
|
Sulphur (S) |
0.03 |
0.3 |
|
Sodium (Na) |
2.8 |
0.2 |
|
Calcium (Ca) |
3.6 |
1.5 |
|
Magnesium (Mg) |
2.1 |
0.1 |
|
Silicon (Si) |
27.7 |
Negligible |
> Inorganic Constituents of Living Tissues
|
Component |
Formula |
|
Sodium |
Na+ |
|
Potassium |
K+ |
|
Calcium |
Ca ++ |
|
Magnesium |
Mg ++ |
|
Water |
H2O |
|
Compounds |
NaCl, CaCO3, PO4 3-, SO4 2- |
> Average Composition of Cells
|
Component |
% of the total cellular mass |
|
Water |
70-90 |
|
Proteins |
10-15 |
|
Carbohydrates |
3 |
|
Lipids |
2 |
|
Nucleic acids |
5-7 |
|
Ions |
1 |
> Proteins and their Functions
|
Protein |
Functions |
|
Collagen |
Intercellular ground substance |
|
Trypsin |
Enzyme |
|
Insulin |
Hormone |
|
Antibody |
Fights infectious agents |
|
Receptor |
Sensory reception (smell, taste, hormone, etc.) |
|
GLUT-4 |
Enables glucose transport into cells |
[1]
Question 1. Which of the following inorganic elements is NOT typically listed as a component of ash?
(a) Calcium.
(b) Magnesium.
(c) Sodium.
(d) Iron.
Answer: (d).
[2]
Question 2. Which inorganic compound is found in the ash of living tissues?
(a) Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
(b) Calcium Carbonate (CaCO_3).
(c) Phosphate (PO4^3-).
(d) All of these.
Answer: (d).
[3]
Question 3. Which of the following is an example of an acidic amino acid?
(a) Lysine.
(b) Glutamic acid.
(c) Valine.
(d) Glycine.
Answer: (b).
[4]
Question 4. Identify the basic amino acid from the following options.
(a) Aspartic acid.
(b) Tyrosine.
(c) Arginine.
(d) Serine.
Answer: (c).
[5]
Question 5. Which amino acid is classified as neutral?
(a) Histidine.
(b) Alanine.
(c) Valine.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
Answer: (d).
[6]
Question 6. Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, and Tryptophan belong to which category of amino acids?
(a) Basic.
(b) Acidic.
(c) Aromatic.
(d) Essential.
Answer: (c).
[7]
Question 7. How many carbons are present in Palmitic acid, including the carboxyl carbon?
(a) 15.
(b) 16.
(c) 18.
(d) 20.
Answer: (b).
[8]
Question 8. Which of the following is an unsaturated fatty acid?
(a) Palmitic acid.
(b) Stearic acid.
(c) Oleic acid.
(d) Glycerol.
Answer: (c).
[9]
Question 9. What is the chemical formula for Arachidonic acid?
(a) C15 H31 COOH.
(b) C17 H35 COOH.
(c) C19 H31 COOH.
(d) C17 H33 COOH.
Answer: (c).
[10]
Question 10. Lecithin is an example of which type of lipid?
(a) Simple lipid.
(b) Derived lipid.
(c) Phospholipid (Compound lipid).
(d) Saturated fatty acid.
Answer: (c).
[11]
Question 11. Which protein is the most abundant in the entire biosphere?
(a) Collagen.
(b) RuBisCO.
(c) Myoglobin.
(d) Hemoglobin.
Answer: (b).
[12]
Question 12. Collagen is the most abundant protein in which world?
(a) Plant world.
(b) Animal world.
(c) Microbial world.
(d) Entire biosphere.
Answer: (b).
[13]
Question 13. Keratin and silk fibroin are examples of which protein structure?
(a) Primary structure.
(b) Secondary structure.
(c) Tertiary structure.
(d) Quaternary structure.
Answer: (b).
[14]
Question 14. Which of the following proteins exhibits a quaternary structure?
(a) Myoglobin.
(b) Enzymes.
(c) Hemoglobin.
(d) Keratin.
Answer: (c).
[15]
Question 15. Chitin is a homopolymer of which of the following?
(a) Glucose.
(b) N-acetyl glucosamine.
(c) Glycine.
(d) Amino acids.
Answer: (b).
[16]
Question 16. Which of the following is considered a secondary metabolite?
(a) Amino acids.
(b) Sugars.
(c) Alkaloids.
(d) Vitamins.
Answer: (c).
[17]
Question 17. Morphine and Codeine are examples of which category of secondary metabolites?
(a) Lectins.
(b) Toxins.
(c) Drugs.
(d) Alkaloids.
Answer: (d).
[18]
Question 18. Concanavalin A is classified as a:
(a) Drug.
(b) Lectin.
(c) Pigment.
(d) Essential oil.
Answer: (b).
[19]
Question 19. Which of the following is a polymeric substance?
(a) Rubber.
(b) Gums.
(c) Cellulose.
(d) All of these.
Answer: (d).
[20]
Question 20. The assembly of amino acids into a protein is an example of which pathway?
(a) Catabolic pathway.
(b) Anabolic pathway.
(c) Glycolysis.
(d) Respiration.
Answer: (b).
[21]
Question 21. What is the normal blood concentration of glucose in a healthy individual?
(a) 4.2 - 6.1 mM.
(b) 5.0 - 10.0 mM.
(c) 1.2 - 3.4 mM.
(d) 10 - 20 mM.
Answer: (a).
[22]
Question 22. In the process of glycolysis, how many different enzymes take part?
(a) Five.
(b) Eight.
(c) Ten.
(d) Twelve.
Answer: (c).
[23]
Question 23. What is the role of an enzyme regarding activation energy?
(a) It increases activation energy.
(b) It has no effect on activation energy.
(c) It lowers activation energy.
(d) It provides activation energy.
Answer: (c).
[24]
Question 24. Which molecule acts as a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase?
(a) Fumarate.
(b) Malonate.
(c) Glucose.
(d) Acetic acid.
Answer: (b).
[25]
Question 25. Malonate closely resembles which substrate in structure?
(a) Malic acid.
(b) Succinate.
(c) Pyruvic acid.
(d) Lactic acid.
Answer: (b).
[26]
Question 26. Which class of enzymes catalyzes the removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis?
(a) Hydrolases.
(b) Lyases.
(c) Ligases.
(d) Transferases.
Answer: (b).
[27]
Question 27. Enzymes that catalyze the linking together of two compounds are called:
(a) Isomerases.
(b) Lyases.
(c) Ligases.
(d) Hydrolases.
Answer: (c).
[28]
Question 28. What is the prosthetic group found in peroxidase and catalase?
(a) Niacin.
(b) Zinc.
(c) Haem.
(d) Magnesium.
Answer: (c).
[29]
Question 29. Which vitamin is present in the co-enzymes NAD and NADP?
(a) Riboflavin.
(b) Thiamine.
(c) Niacin.
(d) Pyridoxine.
Answer: (c).
[30]
Question 30. Zinc (Zn) is a metal ion co-factor for which enzyme?
(a) Peroxidase.
(b) Carboxypeptidase.
(c) Catalase.
(d) Trypsin.
Answer: (b).
[31]
Question 31. Which element is present in the highest percentage in the human body by weight?
(a) Carbon.
(b) Hydrogen.
(c) Oxygen.
(d) Nitrogen.
Answer: (c).
[32]
Question 32. Compare the percentage of Nitrogen in the Earth's crust versus the human body.
(a) Higher in Earth's crust.
(b) Equal in both.
(c) Very little in Earth's crust, 3.3% in the human body.
(d) Negligible in the human body.
Answer: (c).
[33]
Question 33. Which element is negligible in the human body but makes up 27.7% of the Earth's crust?
(a) Magnesium.
(b) Sodium.
(c) Silicon.
(d) Calcium.
Answer: (c).
[34]
Question 34. What is the formula for the phosphate ion found in living tissues?
(a) PO3 2-.
(b) PO4 3-.
(c) HPO4 2-.
(d) P2O7 4-.
Answer: (b).
[35]
Question 35. Which component makes up 70-90% of the average total cellular mass?
(a) Proteins.
(b) Nucleic acids.
(c) Water.
(d) Carbohydrates.
Answer: (c).
[36]
Question 36. What is the percentage of proteins in the total cellular mass?
(a) 3%.
(b) 10 - 15%.
(c) 5 - 7%.
(d) 1%.
Answer: (b).
[37]
Question 37. Which protein functions as an intercellular ground substance?
(a) Trypsin.
(b) Collagen.
(c) Antibody.
(d) Receptor.
Answer: (b).
[38]
Question 38. Which of the following proteins acts as a hormone?
(a) Antibody.
(b) GLUT-4.
(c) Insulin.
(d) Collagen.
Answer: (c).
[39]
Question 39. What is the specific function of the GLUT-4 protein?
(a) Enzyme catalysis.
(b) Fighting infectious agents.
(c) Enabling glucose transport into cells.
(d) Sensory reception.
Answer: (c).
[40]
Question 40. Which of the following is a drug derived as a secondary metabolite?
(a) Vinblastine.
(b) Abrin.
(c) Carotenoids.
(d) Ricin.
Answer: (a).
[41]
Question 41. Which of the following is NOT an essential amino acid?
(a) Valine.
(b) Leucine.
(c) Glycine.
(d) Lysine.
Answer: (c).
[42]
Question 42. How many carbons are found in Ribose sugar?
(a) 3.
(b) 4.
(c) 5.
(d) 6.
Answer: (c).
[43]
Question 43. Which molecule is a secondary structure protein specifically found in silk?
(a) Keratin.
(b) Fibroin.
(c) Myoglobin.
(d) Insulin.
Answer: (b).
[44]
Question 44. The tertiary structure of a protein is essential for the function of:
(a) Storage fats.
(b) Enzymes.
(c) Cell walls.
(d) Inorganic salts.
Answer: (b).
[45]
Question 45. Which of the following is an example of a derived lipid?
(a) Triglyceride.
(b) Cholesterol.
(c) Lecithin.
(d) Oleic acid.
Answer: (b).
[46]
Question 46. Amino sugars like Glucosamine are components of:
(a) Simple lipids.
(b) Complex carbohydrates (Polysaccharides).
(c) Primary metabolites only.
(d) Inorganic compounds.
Answer: (b).
[47]
Question 47. Which of the following is a toxin produced by plants?
(a) Curcumin.
(b) Ricin.
(c) Codeine.
(d) Anthocyanin.
Answer: (b).
[48]
Question 48. What percentage of the human body is composed of Carbon?
(a) 0.03%.
(b) 18.5%.
(c) 0.5%.
(d) 65.0%.
Answer: (b).
[49]
Question 49. Which ion is the formula for the Potassium constituent in living tissues?
(a) P^+.
(b) K^+.
(c) Po^{2+}.
(d) Ka^+.
Answer: (b).
[50]
Question 50. The percentage of nucleic acids in a cell is:
(a) 1%.
(b) 2%.
(c) 3%.
(d) 5 - 7%.
Answer: (d).
[51]
Question 51. Which enzyme classification includes those that catalyze the inter-conversion of optical or geometric isomers?
(a) Transferases.
(b) Isomerases.
(c) Lyases.
(d) Hydrolases.
Answer: (b).
[52]
Question 52. Which of the following is an aromatic amino acid?
(a) Serine.
(b) Tryptophan.
(c) Arginine.
(d) Glutamic acid.
Answer: (b).
[53]
Question 53. The conversion of Glucose to Lactic acid is an example of:
(a) Anabolic pathway.
(b) Catabolic pathway.
(c) Neutral pathway.
(d) Prosthetic pathway.
Answer: (b).
[54]
Question 54. Which element makes up 3.6% of the Earth's crust but only 1.5% of the human body?
(a) Magnesium.
(b) Calcium.
(c) Sodium.
(d) Silicon.
Answer: (b).
[55]
Question 55. Which of the following is an example of an essential oil?
(a) Lemon grass oil.
(b) Vinblastine.
(c) Abrin.
(d) Diterpenes.
Answer: (a).
[56]
Question 56. Which of the following is NOT a primary metabolite?
(a) Nucleic acids.
(b) Vitamins.
(c) Carotenoids.
(d) Lipids.
Answer: (c).
[57]
Question 57. The formula C17 H35 COOH represents which fatty acid?
(a) Palmitic acid.
(b) Oleic acid.
(c) Stearic acid.
(d) Arachidonic acid.
Answer: (c).
[58]
Question 58. Which protein is responsible for sensory reception such as smell and taste?
(a) Antibody.
(b) Receptor.
(c) GLUT-4.
(d) Trypsin.
Answer: (b).
[59]
Question 59. In the Earth's crust, the percentage of Sodium is:
(a) 0.2%.
(b) 2.8%.
(c) 3.6%.
(d) 2.1%.
Answer: (b).
[60]
Question 60. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester, ether, or peptide bonds are:
(a) Dehydrogenases.
(b) Hydrolases.
(c) Isomerases.
(d) Transferases.
Answer: (b).
[61]
Question 61. Which of the following is a basic amino acid?
(a) Aspartic acid.
(b) Lysine.
(c) Serine.
(d) Tyrosine.
Answer: (b).
[62]
Question 62. Which polysaccharide is mentioned as having N-acetyl galactosamine?
(a) Simple sugars.
(b) Amino sugars.
(c) Glycogen.
(d) Starch.
Answer: (b).
[63]
Question 63. Which type of lipid contains a phosphate group?
(a) Saturated fatty acid.
(b) Compound lipids.
(c) Derived lipids.
(d) Simple lipid.
Answer: (b).
[64]
Question 64. Myoglobin shows which level of protein organization?
(a) Primary.
(b) Secondary.
(c) Tertiary.
(d) Quaternary.
Answer: (c).
[65]
Question 65. Which of the following is a neutral amino acid?
(a) Arginine.
(b) Valine.
(c) Glutamic acid.
(d) Histidine.
Answer: (b).
[66]
Question 66. Pigments like Anthocyanins are classified as:
(a) Primary metabolites.
(b) Secondary metabolites.
(c) Inorganic compounds.
(d) Enzymes.
Answer: (b).
[67]
Question 67. The percentage of carbohydrates in an average cell is:
(a) 10%.
(b) 5%.
(c) 3%.
(d) 1%.
Answer: (c).
[68]
Question 68. Which molecule is a competitive inhibitor that blocks the active site of succinic dehydrogenase?
(a) Succinate.
(b) Malonate.
(c) Fumarate.
(d) Malate.
Answer: (b).
[69]
Question 69. Which of the following is an example of a terpenoid?
(a) Morphine.
(b) Monoterpenes.
(c) Ricin.
(d) Rubber.
Answer: (b).
[70]
Question 70. Acetic acid becoming cholesterol is part of:
(a) Digestion.
(b) Anabolic pathway.
(c) Catabolic pathway.
(d) Fermentation.
Answer: (b).
[71]
Question 71. Which metal ion is a co-factor for the enzyme carboxypeptidase?
(a) Mg^{2+}.
(b) Fe^{2+}.
(c) Zn^{2+}.
(d) Cu^{2+}.
Answer: (c).
[72]
Question 72. Which protein helps in fighting infectious agents?
(a) Insulin.
(b) Receptor.
(c) Antibody.
(d) Collagen.
Answer: (c).
[73]
Question 73. What is the percentage of Oxygen in the Earth's crust?
(a) 65.0%.
(b) 46.6%.
(c) 27.7%.
(d) 18.5%.
Answer: (b).
[74]
Question 74. Which of the following amino acids contains a sulfur atom (though not explicitly categorized as such in the text, it is an essential amino acid listed)?
(a) Valine.
(b) Methionine (M).
(c) Lysine.
(d) Alanine.
Answer: (b).
[75]
Question 75. Essential amino acids are:
(a) Synthesized by the body.
(b) Not required for health.
(c) Must be obtained through diet.
(d) Only found in plants.
Answer: (c).
[76]
Question 76. Which of the following represents a simple sugar?
(a) Chitin.
(b) Glucose.
(c) Cholesterol.
(d) Lecithin.
Answer: (b).
[77]
Question 77. Which of the following is a toxin?
(a) Abrin.
(b) Curcumin.
(c) Codeine.
(d) Serine.
Answer: (a).
[78]
Question 78. Which element has the formula Mg2+ in living tissues?
(a) Manganese.
(b) Magnesium.
(c) Molybdenum.
(d) Mercury.
Answer: (b).
[79]
Question 79. What is the percentage of lipids in the total cellular mass?
(a) 1%.
(b) 2%.
(c) 3%.
(d) 5%.
Answer: (b).
[80]
Question 80. Transferases catalyze the transfer of a group between a pair of substrates. This group is typically:
(a) Hydrogen.
(b) Oxygen.
(c) A group other than hydrogen.
(d) Water.
Answer: (c).
[81]
Question 81. Which of the following is a secondary structure of protein?
(a) Myoglobin.
(b) Keratin.
(c) Hemoglobin.
(d) RuBisCO.
Answer: (b).
[82]
Question 82. Which of the following is an aromatic amino acid?
(a) Tyrosine.
(b) Phenylalanine.
(c) Tryptophan.
(d) All of these.
Answer: (d).
[83]
Question 83. The formula for Calcium in living tissues is:
(a) Ca+.
(b) Ca ++.
(c) Cl -.
(d) CO3 2-.
Answer: (b).
[84]
Question 84. Which of the following is NOT an alkaloid?
(a) Morphine.
(b) Codeine.
(c) Carotenoids.
(d) None of these.
Answer: (c).
[85]
Question 85. In the table "Average Composition of Cells", what component accounts for 1% of the mass?
(a) Carbohydrates.
(b) Lipids.
(c) Ions.
(d) Water.
Answer: (c).
[86]
Question 86. Which amino acid is represented by the letter 'G' in the non-essential list?
(a) Glutamine.
(b) Glycine.
(c) Glutamic acid.
(d) Alanine.
Answer: (b).
[87]
Question 87. Which of the following is a compound lipid?
(a) Palmitic acid.
(b) Cholesterol.
(c) Sphingolipid.
(d) Stearic acid.
Answer: (c).
[88]
Question 88. Collagen is:
(a) An enzyme.
(b) A carbohydrate.
(c) A protein.
(d) A lipid.
Answer: (c).
[89]
Question 89. Which enzyme class is synonymous with Dehydrogenases?
(a) Hydrolases.
(b) Oxido-reductases.
(c) Lyases.
(d) Isomerases.
Answer: (b).
[90]
Question 90. Which of the following is a drug mentioned as a secondary metabolite?
(a) Curcumin.
(b) Vinblastine.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Ricin.
Answer: (c).
[91]
Question 91. The percentage of Hydrogen in the Earth's crust is:
(a) 0.14%.
(b) 0.5%.
(c) 0.03%.
(d) 18.5%.
Answer: (a).
[92]
Question 92. Which of the following is a hormone?
(a) Trypsin.
(b) Insulin.
(c) Antibody.
(d) Collagen.
Answer: (b).
[93]
Question 93. Which amino acid is acidic?
(a) Aspartic acid.
(b) Arginine.
(c) Alanine.
(d) Asparagine (N).
Answer: (a).
[94]
Question 94. Which of the following fatty acids is saturated?
(a) Oleic acid.
(b) Arachidonic acid.
(c) Palmitic acid.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
Answer: (c).
[95]
Question 95. Niacin is a component of which co-enzyme?
(a) ATP.
(b) NADP.
(c) Haem.
(d) FAD.
Answer: (b).
[96]
Question 96. Which element is present in 2.1% of the Earth's crust?
(a) Calcium.
(b) Sodium.
(c) Magnesium.
(d) Silicon.
Answer: (c).
[97]
Question 97. Which of the following is an enzyme?
(a) Insulin.
(b) Trypsin.
(c) Collagen.
(d) Antibody.
Answer: (b).
[98]
Question 98. Which of the following is a primary metabolite?
(a) Alkaloids.
(b) Essential oils.
(c) Amino acids.
(d) Toxins.
Answer: (c).
[99]
Question 99. The concentration of hormones in a normal person is measured in:
(a) Milligrams/mL.
(b) Nanograms/mL.
(c) Grams/L.
(d) mM.
Answer: (b).
[100]
Question 100. Haem is a prosthetic group for which enzyme?
(a) Carboxypeptidase.
(b) Catalase.
(c) Succinic dehydrogenase.
(d) Trypsin.
Answer: (b).
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