3. PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
- Forms & size:
- Microscopic Unicellular: e.g. Chlamydomonas
- Colonial: Volvox
- Filamentous: Ulothrix and Spirogyra
- Reproduction:
- Sexual reproduction:
- Isogamous: Ulothrix (motile), Spirogyra (Non-motile), Cladophora (motile).
- Anisogamous: Eudorina.
- Oogamous: Volvox, Fucus.
- Benefits:
- Marine algae: Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum (Used as food).
- Agar powder: Gelidium and Gracilaria.
- Hydrocolloids (water holding substance):
- Brown Algae: Algin, Red Algae: Carrageen.
- Protein rich unicellular algae: Chlorella and Spirulina (BGA).
Types of Algae
- Chlorophyceae (Green Algae): Storage body $\rightarrow$ Pyrenoid.
- e.g. Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara, Chlorella.
- Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae): Food $\rightarrow$ Laminarin / Mannitol.
- Ectocarpus (Simple branched filamentous).
- Kelps (Profusely branched forms) [100mt in height].
- e.g. Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Dictyota, Sargassum, Fucus.
- Rhodophyceae (Red Algae): Food $\rightarrow$ Floridean starch.
- e.g. Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.
BRYOPHYTES
- Amphibians of plant kingdom.
- Economic importance:
- Sphagnum (moss): provides Peat and hydrocolloids.
- Liverworts: Gemma cup (asexual).
- Riccia (Monoecious), Marchantia (Dioecious).
- Mosses: Protonema (Formed from spores).
- e.g. Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum.
PTERIDOPHYTES
- Precursor of seed habit.
- Prothallus: Gametophyte stage.
- Selaginella and Salvinia.
- Leaves size:
- Selaginella (Microphylls).
- Ferns (Macrophylls).
- Reproduction:
- Selaginella, Equisetum (Horse tail).
- Selaginella & Salvinia (Water fern, Heterosporous).
- Classes:
- Psilopsida: Psilotum.
- Lycopsida: Selaginella, Lycopodium.
- Sphenopsida: Equisetum.
- Pteropsida: Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum, Azolla.
GYMNOSPERMS
- Roots: Generally Tap roots, associated with fungi to form Mycorrhiza (Pinus) or with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria to form Coralloid root (Cycas).
- Stem: Branched (Pinus, Cedrus), Unbranched (Cycas).
- Long and dwarf shoot: in Pinus and Ginkgo.
- Leaf: Simple (Pinus); Pinnate (Cycas).
- Leaves are well adapted to withstand extreme temp, humidity and wind. In conifers, needle like leaves reduce surface area. Thick cuticle and sunken stomata help to reduce water loss.
- Sequoia: Giant Redwood tree (Tallest).
- e.g. Ginkgo, Pinus, Cycas, Cedrus, Gnetales, Conifers.
ANGIOSPERMS
- Wolffia: Smallest microscopic plant.
- Eucalyptus: Tallest tree (100 mt).
PATTERNS OF PLANT LIFE CYCLES
- Haplontic: Most Algae - Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas.
- Diplontic: Fucus (algae), Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
- Haplo-diplontic: Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Kelps.
Question 1. The artificial system of classification given by Linnaeus was primarily based on which of the following?
(a) Evolutionary relationships.
(b) Anatomical and embryological features.
(c) Gross superficial morphological characters and androecium structure.
(d) Phytochemistry and numerical data.
Answer: (c).
Question 2. Why was the natural system of classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker considered superior to artificial systems?
(a) It used only one or two vegetative characters.
(b) It considered internal features like ultrastructure, anatomy, and embryology.
(c) It was based on the "survival of the fittest" theory.
(d) It ignored the floral characters entirely.
Answer: (b).
Question 3. Phylogenetic classification systems are currently the most accepted because they are based on:
(a) Number and codes of characters.
(b) Evolutionary relationships between various organisms.
(c) Cytological information like chromosome number.
(d) Chemical constituents of the plants.
Answer: (b).
Question 4. In Numerical Taxonomy, how are characters processed to determine relationships?
(a) Only floral characters are given priority.
(b) Each character is given equal importance and hundreds can be considered simultaneously.
(c) Only observable phenotypic characters of seeds are used.
(d) It relies solely on DNA sequencing and protein analysis.
Answer: (b).
Question 5. Cytotaxonomy is a branch of taxonomy that resolves confusion in classification using:
(a) Chemical constituents like alkaloids.
(b) Numerical data and statistical analysis.
(c) Cytological information like chromosome number, structure, and behavior.
(d) Phylogenetic trees and cladograms.
Answer: (c).
Question 6. Which classification branch uses chemical constituents of the plant to resolve ambiguities?
(a) Numerical Taxonomy.
(b) Chemotaxonomy.
(c) Cytotaxonomy.
(d) Natural System.
Answer: (b).
Question 7. Algae are primarily aquatic organisms. Which of the following is an example of a colonial alga?
(a) Chlamydomonas.
(b) Volvox.
(c) Ulothrix.
(d) Spirogyra.
Answer: (b).
Question 8. In which of the following algae are the gametes non-flagellated but similar in size (isogamous)?
(a) Ulothrix.
(b) Spirogyra.
(c) Volvox.
(d) Fucus.
Answer: (b).
Question 9. At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by:
(a) Pteridophytes.
(b) Bryophytes.
(c) Algae.
(d) Gymnosperms.
Answer: (c).
Question 10. Hydrocolloids like Algin and Carrageenan are obtained from which groups of algae respectively?
(a) Red algae and Brown algae.
(b) Brown algae and Red algae.
(c) Green algae and Brown algae.
(d) Brown algae and Green algae.
Answer: (b).
Question 11. Which of the following algae is used as a food supplement even by space travelers due to its high protein content?
(a) Chlorella.
(b) Gelidium.
(c) Gracilaria.
(d) Laminaria.
Answer: (a).
Question 12. Agar, widely used to grow microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and jellies, is obtained from:
(a) Chlorella and Spirulina.
(b) Gelidium and Gracilaria.
(c) Sargassum and Laminaria.
(d) Ectocarpus and Dictyota.
Answer: (b).
Question 13. Members of Chlorophyceae are commonly called green algae. Their cell wall is composed of an inner layer of _____ and an outer layer of _____.
(a) Pectin, Cellulose.
(b) Cellulose, Pectin.
(c) Chitin, Pectin.
(d) Cellulose, Algin.
Answer: (b).
Question 14. Pyrenoids, the storage bodies located in the chloroplasts of green algae, contain:
(a) Protein besides starch.
(b) Starch besides lipid.
(c) Oil droplets only.
(d) Glycogen only.
Answer: (a).
Question 15. In Phaeophyceae (brown algae), the plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a _____ and has a stalk called _____ and a leaf-like photosynthetic organ called _____.
(a) Rhizoid, Seta, Capsule.
(b) Holdfast, Stipe, Frond.
(c) Root, Stem, Leaf.
(d) Holdfast, Frond, Stipe.
Answer: (b).
Question 16. What is the major photosynthetic pigment in Brown algae?
(a) Chlorophyll a and d.
(b) Chlorophyll a, c, and carotenoids/xanthophylls.
(c) Chlorophyll a, b, and phycoerythrin.
(d) Only Chlorophyll a.
Answer: (b).
Question 17. The brown color of Phaeophyceae is due to the presence of a specific xanthophyll pigment called:
(a) Fucoxanthin.
(b) Phycocyanin.
(c) Phycoerythrin.
(d) Anthocyanin.
Answer: (a).
Question 18. Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol in:
(a) Rhodophyceae.
(b) Chlorophyceae.
(c) Phaeophyceae.
(d) Cyanophyceae.
Answer: (c).
Question 19. Rhodophyceae are commonly called red algae because of the predominance of which pigment?
(a) Chlorophyll c.
(b) r-phycoerythrin.
(c) Fucoxanthin.
(d) Phycocyanin.
Answer: (b).
Question 20. Floridean starch, the storage product in Red algae, has a structure very similar to:
(a) Amylopectin and Glycogen.
(b) Amylose and Cellulose.
(c) Laminarin and Mannitol.
(d) Starch and Chitin.
Answer: (a).
Question 21. Which group of algae lacks flagellated stages in its life cycle?
(a) Chlorophyceae.
(b) Phaeophyceae.
(c) Rhodophyceae.
(d) All of these.
Answer: (c).
Question 22. Why are Bryophytes called the "amphibians of the plant kingdom"?
(a) They live in water but produce seeds on land.
(b) They live in soil but depend on water for sexual reproduction.
(c) They have both gills and stomata.
(d) They can undergo photosynthesis underwater and on land.
Answer: (b).
Question 23. The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid and is called a:
(a) Sporophyte.
(b) Gametophyte.
(c) Spore mother cell.
(d) Zygote.
Answer: (b).
Question 24. In Bryophytes, the male sex organ is called _____ and the female sex organ is called _____.
(a) Antheridium, Archegonium.
(b) Archegonium, Antheridium.
(c) Pollen grain, Ovule.
(d) Stamens, Carpels.
Answer: (a).
Question 25. The sporophyte in Bryophytes is:
(a) Independent and free-living.
(b) Not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte.
(c) The dominant phase of the life cycle.
(d) Absent in mosses but present in liverworts.
Answer: (b).
Question 26. Which of the following bryophytes provides peat that has long been used as fuel?
(a) Marchantia.
(b) Riccia.
(c) Sphagnum.
(d) Funaria.
Answer: (c).
Question 27. Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds found in small receptacles called gemma cups in:
(a) Mosses.
(b) Ferns.
(c) Liverworts (e.g., Marchantia).
(d) Algae.
Answer: (c).
Question 28. The first stage of the gametophyte in mosses, which develops directly from a spore, is the:
(a) Leafy stage.
(b) Protonema stage.
(c) Seta stage.
(d) Capsule stage.
Answer: (b).
Question 29. In mosses, the second stage of the gametophyte is the leafy stage, which develops from the secondary protonema as a:
(a) Primary bud.
(b) Lateral bud.
(c) Root hair.
(d) Apical bud.
Answer: (b).
Question 30. Evolutionarily, which were the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)?
(a) Bryophytes.
(b) Pteridophytes.
(c) Gymnosperms.
(d) Angiosperms.
Answer: (b).
Question 31. The main plant body in Pteridophytes is a:
(a) Haploid gametophyte.
(b) Diploid sporophyte.
(c) Haploid sporophyte.
(d) Diploid gametophyte.
Answer: (b).
Question 32. Small leaves (microphylls) are found in _____ while large leaves (macrophylls) are found in _____.
(a) Ferns, Selaginella.
(b) Selaginella, Ferns.
(c) Equisetum, Selaginella.
(d) Mosses, Ferns.
Answer: (b).
Question 33. In Pteridophytes, the sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called:
(a) Sori.
(b) Strobili or cones.
(c) Capsules.
(d) Flowers.
Answer: (b).
Question 34. The inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophyte in Pteridophytes is called:
(a) Protonema.
(b) Prothallus.
(c) Gemma cup.
(d) Archegoniophore.
Answer: (b).
Question 35. Most pteridophytes produce similar kinds of spores (homosporous). However, which of the following genera are heterosporous?
(a) Lycopodium and Equisetum.
(b) Selaginella and Salvinia.
(c) Pteris and Adiantum.
(d) Dryopteris and Psilotum.
Answer: (b).
Question 36. Heterospory is considered an important step in evolution because it is a precursor to the:
(a) Vascular habit.
(b) Seed habit.
(c) Flower habit.
(d) Fruit habit.
Answer: (b).
Question 37. In Pteridophytes, the development of the zygote into young embryos takes place within the:
(a) Male gametophyte.
(b) Female gametophyte.
(c) Sporangium.
(d) Soil.
Answer: (b).
Question 38. Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are:
(a) Enclosed by an ovary wall.
(b) Not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed.
(c) Covered by a fleshy fruit.
(d) Lacking any integument.
Answer: (b).
Question 39. Which gymnosperm is known as one of the tallest tree species?
(a) Pinus.
(b) Cycas.
(c) Sequoia (Giant Redwood).
(d) Ginkgo.
Answer: (c).
Question 40. The roots of Pinus have a fungal association called _____ while the roots of Cycas have _____ which are associated with N2-fixing cyanobacteria.
(a) Mycorrhiza, Coralloid roots.
(b) Coralloid roots, Mycorrhiza.
(c) Rhizoids, Tap roots.
(d) Adventitious roots, Fibrous roots.
Answer: (a).
Question 41. In Gymnosperms, the stems are unbranched in _____ and branched in _____.
(a) Pinus, Cycas.
(b) Cycas, Pinus/Cedrus.
(c) Cedrus, Cycas.
(d) Ginkgo, Pinus.
Answer: (b).
Question 42. Gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity, and wind. In conifers, what helps reduce water loss?
(a) Broad leaves.
(b) Needle-like leaves, thick cuticle, and sunken stomata.
(c) Thin cuticle and surface stomata.
(d) Large surface area of leaves.
Answer: (b).
Question 43. All gymnosperms are:
(a) Homosporous.
(b) Heterosporous.
(c) Seedless.
(d) Aquatic.
Answer: (b).
Question 44. In Gymnosperms, the male gametophyte is highly reduced and is called a:
(a) Prothallus.
(b) Pollen grain.
(c) Embryo sac.
(d) Endosperm.
Answer: (b).
Question 45. Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes:
(a) Have an independent free-living existence.
(b) Do not have an independent free-living existence.
(c) Are multicellular and larger than the sporophyte.
(d) Are formed before meiosis.
Answer: (b).
Question 46. The endosperm in Gymnosperms is:
(a) Triploid and formed after fertilization.
(b) Haploid and formed before fertilization.
(c) Diploid and formed after fertilization.
(d) Triploid and formed before fertilization.
Answer: (b).
Question 47. In Angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialized structures called:
(a) Cones.
(b) Strobili.
(c) Flowers.
(d) Sori.
Answer: (c).
Question 48. The smallest angiosperm is _____ and the tallest is _____.
(a) Wolffia, Eucalyptus.
(b) Eucalyptus, Wolffia.
(c) Rose, Sequoia.
(d) Lemna, Pinus.
Answer: (a).
Question 49. Double fertilization is a unique characteristic of:
(a) Algae.
(b) Bryophytes.
(c) Pteridophytes.
(d) Angiosperms.
Answer: (d).
Question 50. In the Angiosperm embryo sac, the three cells grouped together at the micropylar end constitute the:
(a) Antipodals.
(b) Secondary nucleus.
(c) Egg apparatus.
(d) Synergids only.
Answer: (c).
Question 51. In Angiosperms, one male gamete fuses with the egg cell (Syngamy) to form a zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form:
(a) Endosperm.
(b) Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN).
(c) Zygote.
(d) Embryo sac.
Answer: (b).
Question 52. The life cycle pattern where the sporophytic generation is represented only by the single-celled zygote is called:
(a) Haplontic.
(b) Diplontic.
(c) Haplo-diplontic.
(d) Diplohaplontic.
Answer: (a).
Question 53. Which of the following algae show a haplontic life cycle?
(a) Volvox and Spirogyra.
(b) Fucus.
(c) Ectocarpus.
(d) Polysiphonia.
Answer: (a).
Question 54. The life cycle of Fucus (an alga) is:
(a) Haplontic.
(b) Diplontic.
(c) Haplo-diplontic.
(d) Intermediate.
Answer: (b).
Question 55. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes exhibit which type of life cycle?
(a) Haplontic.
(b) Diplontic.
(c) Haplo-diplontic.
(d) Only Haplontic.
Answer: (c).
Question 56. Which of the following algae are exceptions and show a haplo-diplontic life cycle?
(a) Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, and Kelps.
(b) Volvox and Chlamydomonas.
(c) Fucus and Sargassum.
(d) Spirogyra and Ulothrix.
Answer: (a).
Question 57. Seed plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) follow which life cycle pattern?
(a) Haplontic.
(b) Diplontic.
(c) Haplo-diplontic.
(d) Haplodiplontic.
Answer: (b).
Question 58. Mannitol is the stored food in which of the following?
(a) Gracilaria.
(b) Porphyra.
(c) Fucus.
(d) Chara.
Answer: (c).
Question 59. Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
(a) Spirogyra – Motile gametes.
(b) Sargassum – Chlorophyll c.
(c) Basidiomycetes – Puffballs.
(d) Nostoc – Water blooms.
Answer: (a).
Question 60. Archegoniophore is present in:
(a) Marchantia.
(b) Chara.
(c) Adiantum.
(d) Funaria.
Answer: (a).
Question 61. A system of classification in which a large number of traits are considered is:
(a) Artificial system.
(b) Natural system.
(c) Phylogenetic system.
(d) Synthetic system.
Answer: (b).
Question 62. Which of the following is responsible for "Red Snow" in polar regions?
(a) Chlamydomonas nivalis.
(b) Rhodospirillum.
(c) Red algae.
(d) Fungi.
Answer: (a).
Question 63. "Walking fern" is so named because:
(a) It spreads by means of spores.
(b) It propagates vegetatively by its leaf tips.
(c) It has walking legs.
(d) It is found near walking paths.
Answer: (b).
Question 64. In which group is the sporophyte more developed than the gametophyte?
(a) Bryophytes.
(b) Pteridophytes.
(c) Algae.
(d) All of these.
Answer: (b).
Question 65. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having:
(a) Seeds.
(b) Motile sperms.
(c) Cambium.
(d) Vessels.
Answer: (b).
Question 66. The cell wall of algae is made up of:
(a) Cellulose, galactans, and mannans.
(b) Hemicellulose, pectins, and proteins.
(c) Pectins, cellulose, and proteins.
(d) Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins.
Answer: (a).
Question 67. Which of the following is a "Living Fossil"?
(a) Pinus.
(b) Ginkgo biloba.
(c) Thuja.
(d) Cedrus.
Answer: (b).
Question 68. Presence of vessels in xylem is a characteristic of:
(a) All gymnosperms.
(b) All pteridophytes.
(c) Angiosperms and Gnetales (Gymnosperms).
(d) Bryophytes.
Answer: (c).
Question 69. Megasporophyll of gymnosperms is homologous to _____ of angiosperms.
(a) Stamen.
(b) Carpel.
(c) Sepal.
(d) Petal.
Answer: (b).
Question 70. How many cells are present in a typical mature female gametophyte (embryo sac) of an angiosperm?
(a) 8 cells, 7 nuclei.
(b) 7 cells, 8 nuclei.
(c) 3 cells, 3 nuclei.
(d) 5 cells, 6 nuclei.
Answer: (b).
Question 71. The "Resurrection plant" (Selaginella lepidophylla) belongs to which group?
(a) Bryophytes.
(b) Pteridophytes.
(c) Gymnosperms.
(d) Algae.
Answer: (b).
Question 72. In Mosses, the sporophyte consists of:
(a) Root, Stem, Leaf.
(b) Foot, Seta, Capsule.
(c) Rhizoid, Stipe, Frond.
(d) Thallus only.
Answer: (b).
Question 73. Which of the following is known as "Horse-tail"?
(a) Equisetum.
(b) Selaginella.
(c) Marsilea.
(d) Azolla.
Answer: (a).
Question 74. Which pigment is universal in all photosynthetic plants?
(a) Chlorophyll b.
(b) Chlorophyll a.
(c) Carotene.
(d) Xanthophyll.
Answer: (b).
Question 75. Laminarin is a storage product characteristic of:
(a) Green algae.
(b) Brown algae.
(c) Red algae.
(d) Blue-green algae.
Answer: (b).
Question 76. The term "Thallophyta" was coined by:
(a) Linnaeus.
(b) Endlicher.
(c) Eichler.
(d) Whittaker.
Answer: (b).
Question 77. The classification system that assumes that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor is:
(a) Artificial.
(b) Natural.
(c) Phylogenetic.
(d) Numerical.
Answer: (c).
Question 78. Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is found in:
(a) Chlamydomonas.
(b) Spirogyra.
(c) Volvox.
(d) Fucus.
Answer: (b).
Question 79. In Liverworts, the plant body is:
(a) Thalloid.
(b) Leafy.
(c) Both thalloid and leafy depending on species.
(d) Always have true roots.
Answer: (c).
Question 80. The most common method of asexual reproduction in algae is by the formation of:
(a) Aplanospores.
(b) Zoospores.
(c) Akinetes.
(d) Hypnospores.
Answer: (b).
Question 81. Which of the following is an example of an unbranched gymnosperm?
(a) Pinus.
(b) Cedrus.
(c) Cycas.
(d) Picea.
Answer: (c).
Question 82. Coralloid roots of Cycas contain:
(a) Mycorrhiza.
(b) Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria).
(c) Green algae.
(d) Bacteria.
Answer: (b).
Question 83. The pollination in Gymnosperms is mainly:
(a) Entemophilous (by insects).
(b) Anemophilous (by wind).
(c) Hydrophilous (by water).
(d) Zoophilous (by animals).
Answer: (b).
Question 84. In Pteridophytes, the leaf-like structures subtending the sporangia are called:
(a) Seta.
(b) Sporophylls.
(c) Sori.
(d) Indusium.
Answer: (b).
Question 85. The zygote of which group undergoes a period of rest and represents the only diploid stage?
(a) Bryophytes.
(b) Haplontic Algae.
(c) Pteridophytes.
(d) Gymnosperms.
Answer: (b).
Question 86. Which of the following is a vascular plant without seeds?
(a) Funaria.
(b) Adiantum.
(c) Pinus.
(d) Mangifera.
Answer: (b).
Question 87. Protonema stage is a characteristic of:
(a) Liverworts.
(b) Mosses.
(c) Ferns.
(d) Cycads.
Answer: (b).
Question 88. The ovules of Angiosperms are enclosed within the:
(a) Megasporophyll.
(b) Ovary.
(c) Anther.
(d) Stigma.
Answer: (b).
Question 89. Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in angiosperms is formed by the fusion of:
(a) One male gamete and one egg.
(b) Two male gametes and one egg.
(c) One male gamete and two polar nuclei.
(d) Two polar nuclei only.
Answer: (c).
Question 90. Ectocarpus is an example of:
(a) Green algae.
(b) Brown algae.
(c) Red algae.
(d) Bryophyte.
Answer: (b).
Question 91. The female gametophyte of gymnosperms is also known as:
(a) Endosperm.
(b) Embryo sac.
(c) Nucellus.
(d) Archegonium.
Answer: (a).
Question 92. Which group is known as "Tracheophytes"?
(a) Algae and Bryophytes.
(b) Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
(c) Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
(d) Only Angiosperms.
Answer: (c).
Question 93. Winged pollen grains are found in:
(a) Cycas.
(b) Pinus.
(c) Picea.
(d) Both b and c.
Answer: (d).
Question 94. The gametophyte in Pteridophytes requires which condition to grow?
(a) Dry and hot.
(b) Cool, damp, and shady.
(c) High altitude.
(d) Saline water.
Answer: (b).
Question 95. What is the ploidy level of the cells of the gemma in Marchantia?
(a) Haploid (n).
(b) Diploid (2n).
(c) Triploid (3n).
(d) Tetraploid (4n).
Answer: (a).
Question 96. In Brown algae, asexual reproduction is by biflagellate zoospores that are:
(a) Pear-shaped with equal flagella.
(b) Pear-shaped with two unequal laterally attached flagella.
(c) Circular with apical flagella.
(d) Lacking flagella.
Answer: (b).
Question 97. Which of the following is a monoecious plant?
(a) Marchantia.
(b) Cycas.
(c) Pinus.
(d) Papaya.
Answer: (c).
Question 98. The classification given by Bentham and Hooker is:
(a) Artificial.
(b) Natural.
(c) Phylogenetic.
(d) Numerical.
Answer: (b).
Question 99. In Rhodophyceae, sexual reproduction is:
(a) Isogamous.
(b) Anisogamous.
(c) Oogamous with complex post-fertilization developments.
(d) Absent.
Answer: (c).
Question 100. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the moss life cycle?
(a) Spore → Protonema → Leafy stage → Gametes → Zygote → Sporophyte.
(b) Spore → Sporophyte → Gametes → Zygote.
(c) Leafy stage → Spore → Protonema → Zygote.
(d) Zygote → Protonema → Spore → Sporophyte.
Answer: (a).
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